技术: 开源协议

协议不仅仅是约定,更是保护。

你发布一篇文章, 写一段代码, 发行一个软件一般都会给获取者:

  • 一些权利permissions
  • 一些限制limitations
  • 一些条件conditions

下面我仔细说一下, 按照哪些标准来选择协议.

软件协议

MIT License

如果你发布的只是一个个零碎的代码片段, 比如说C++个人精华代码, 这些代码你既然公开出来, 只要使用的人时不时给你一些反馈, “这段代码在哪些情况下不太好使, 我已经改进了, 提交给您”, 也就是说用户怎么做都没有问题(包括用于商业目的), 那么你可以选择MIT License, 这是一个宽大, 自由(permissive)的协议.

一般用于代码片段, 简述”随你喜欢, 怎么改都行”, 不需要作者授权

Apache License 2.0

这个类似MIT的自由, 但是用于商业目的时, 需要作者授权(就是作者保留了所有权),
你也要在自己的作品中说明已经被授权(就是显著的标明我使用了它的代码).

Contributors provide an express grant of patent rights.

但是好处是, 你发布时可以不公开自己的源码, 无论什么目的(包括商业目的).

一般都选这个协议的, Android, Apache, and Swift use the Apache License 2.0.

GNU GPL v3

这个, 怎么说呢, 应该是有选择的使用的协议, 因为它要求你发布自己的软件时要公开(disclose)源码. 同样作者也保留了所有权.

应该说这个协议本身是无私的, 注重分享和体验; 但是用你的软件开发, 到发布时我也要公开源码

Android有部分源码就吃了这个亏, 后来改成了Apache 2.0, 可以用于商业, 专利等场景, 但是最好不要.

应该说GPL v3 要求是比较高的, 而且有强制性(你对这个软件做了修改, 发布时也要是同样的协议; 并且声明改动内容), 所以后面搞了一个LGPL v3

GNU LGPL v3

L即 Low, 和GPL v3大部分方面一样, 但是降低了公开源码的标准, 即

如果你的作品只是用到LGPLv3协议软件的接口(简单调用), 而没有涉及源码部分, 那么你可以在发布的时候(任何目的, 商业,专利都行), 不公开源码.

这适用于, 其实你的软件非常大, 用到协议保护软件作为一个小小的支持, 只是调用了, 那么这个时候, 其实你是可以不用公开你的代码的.

非软件作品

针对个人资料, 数据, 影像作品等, 可以用下面这些协议(License), 保证自己的权益.

其实更多时候, 只是要你转载的时候注明原作者, 而已.

这些协议有:

  • CC0-1.0
  • CC-BY-4.0
  • CC-BY-SA-4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0) 本站使用

CC-BY-SA-4.0CC-BY-4.0类似, 都是要求声明原作者的授权, 并在自己的版本中标明;
但是前者要求你在发布时, 要声明同样(Simila, Cpmpatible)的License.

当然, 你也可以不适用写任何协议, 表示没有协议; 但是All Right Reserved BY xxx这个时候,
即使作者不声明任何协议, 但是它保留了协议的解释权.

责任问题

上面所有的协议, 都是针对开源(open source).
所以你用这个协议出了什么事儿, 被协议保护的作品&作者可是不负责的.

举个例子, 你拿开源库的一段代码, 去攻击了某安全系统, 犯了事儿,
(开源代码 under 某开源协议), 是不能追求作者的责任的, 一切都是你自己的选择.

这就是说, 这些所有的开源协议, 保证了原作者的安全,
所以开源协议, 并不提供责任担保:(而且是明确声明了Limitations)

  • warranty
  • Liability

去哪里获取, 协议的全文? 去Github新建一个库试试吧, 下面列举我常用的 Apache 2.0:

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文章目录
  1. 1. 软件协议
    1. 1.1. MIT License
    2. 1.2. Apache License 2.0
    3. 1.3. GNU GPL v3
    4. 1.4. GNU LGPL v3
  2. 2. 非软件作品
  3. 3. 责任问题
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